Mapping: Solidity mapping is code in smart contracts that stores information based on a “key value”. In Solidity a “key” is a unique wallet address that returns a “value”. This value is the number of tokens associated w/ that wallet address.
Example:
contract TokenXYZ {
uint256 public decimals; // “public” allows the value to be seen anywhere
mapping(address => unit256) public balanceOf; // this maps the key value expressed in decimals
So in a nutshell, Solidity mapping is simply matching balance information (a key value) on the Ethereum blockchain (a database) with objects in code (a smart contract using Solidity).
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